nixpkgs/doc/languages-frameworks/rust.section.md

Rust

To install the rust compiler and cargo put

environment.systemPackages = [
  rustc
  cargo
];

into your configuration.nix or bring them into scope with nix-shell -p rustc cargo.

For other versions such as daily builds (beta and nightly), use either rustup from nixpkgs (which will manage the rust installation in your home directory), or use a community maintained Rust overlay.

buildRustPackage: Compiling Rust applications with Cargo

Rust applications are packaged by using the buildRustPackage helper from rustPlatform:

{ lib, fetchFromGitHub, rustPlatform }:

rustPlatform.buildRustPackage rec {
  pname = "ripgrep";
  version = "12.1.1";

  src = fetchFromGitHub {
    owner = "BurntSushi";
    repo = pname;
    rev = version;
    hash = "sha256-+s5RBC3XSgb8omTbUNLywZnP6jSxZBKSS1BmXOjRF8M=";
  };

  cargoHash = "sha256-jtBw4ahSl88L0iuCXxQgZVm1EcboWRJMNtjxLVTtzts=";

  meta = with lib; {
    description = "A fast line-oriented regex search tool, similar to ag and ack";
    homepage = "https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep";
    license = licenses.unlicense;
    maintainers = [ maintainers.tailhook ];
  };
}

buildRustPackage requires either the cargoSha256 or the cargoHash attribute which is computed over all crate sources of this package. cargoHash256 is used for traditional Nix SHA-256 hashes, such as the one in the example above. cargoHash should instead be used for SRI hashes. For example:

  cargoHash = "sha256-l1vL2ZdtDRxSGvP0X/l3nMw8+6WF67KPutJEzUROjg8=";

Both types of hashes are permitted when contributing to nixpkgs. The Cargo hash is obtained by inserting a fake checksum into the expression and building the package once. The correct checksum can then be taken from the failed build. A fake hash can be used for cargoSha256 as follows:

  cargoSha256 = lib.fakeSha256;

For cargoHash you can use:

  cargoHash = lib.fakeHash;

Per the instructions in the Cargo Book best practices guide, Rust applications should always commit the Cargo.lock file in git to ensure a reproducible build. However, a few packages do not, and Nix depends on this file, so if it is missing you can use cargoPatches to apply it in the patchPhase. Consider sending a PR upstream with a note to the maintainer describing why it's important to include in the application.

The fetcher will verify that the Cargo.lock file is in sync with the src attribute, and fail the build if not. It will also will compress the vendor directory into a tar.gz archive.

The tarball with vendored dependencies contains a directory with the package's name, which is normally composed of pname and version. This means that the vendored dependencies hash (cargoSha256/cargoHash) is dependent on the package name and version. The cargoDepsName attribute can be used to use another name for the directory of vendored dependencies. For example, the hash can be made invariant to the version by setting cargoDepsName to pname:

rustPlatform.buildRustPackage rec {
  pname = "broot";
  version = "1.2.0";

  src = fetchCrate {
    inherit pname version;
    sha256 = "sha256-aDQA4A5mScX9or3Lyiv/5GyAehidnpKKE0grhbP1Ctc=";
  };

  cargoHash = "sha256-tbrTbutUs5aPSV+yE0IBUZAAytgmZV7Eqxia7g+9zRs=";
  cargoDepsName = pname;

  # ...
}

Importing a Cargo.lock file

Using cargoSha256 or cargoHash is tedious when using buildRustPackage within a project, since it requires that the hash is updated after every change to Cargo.lock. Therefore, buildRustPackage also supports vendoring dependencies directly from a Cargo.lock file using the cargoLock argument. For example:

rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
  pname = "myproject";
  version = "1.0.0";

  cargoLock = {
    lockFile = ./Cargo.lock;
  };

  # ...
}

This will retrieve the dependencies using fixed-output derivations from the specified lockfile.

One caveat is that Cargo.lock cannot be patched in the patchPhase because it runs after the dependencies have already been fetched. If you need to patch or generate the lockfile you can alternatively set cargoLock.lockFileContents to a string of its contents:

rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
  pname = "myproject";
  version = "1.0.0";

  cargoLock = let
    fixupLockFile = path: f (builtins.readFile path);
  in {
    lockFileContents = fixupLockFile ./Cargo.lock;
  };

  # ...
}

Note that setting cargoLock.lockFile or cargoLock.lockFileContents doesn't add a Cargo.lock to your src, and a Cargo.lock is still required to build a rust package. A simple fix is to use:

postPatch = ''
  cp ${./Cargo.lock} Cargo.lock
'';

The output hash of each dependency that uses a git source must be specified in the outputHashes attribute. For example:

rustPlatform.buildRustPackage rec {
  pname = "myproject";
  version = "1.0.0";

  cargoLock = {
    lockFile = ./Cargo.lock;
    outputHashes = {
      "finalfusion-0.14.0" = "17f4bsdzpcshwh74w5z119xjy2if6l2wgyjy56v621skr2r8y904";
    };
  };

  # ...
}

If you do not specify an output hash for a git dependency, building the package will fail and inform you of which crate needs to be added. To find the correct hash, you can first use lib.fakeSha256 or lib.fakeHash as a stub hash. Building the package (and thus the vendored dependencies) will then inform you of the correct hash.

Cargo features

You can disable default features using buildNoDefaultFeatures, and extra features can be added with buildFeatures.

If you want to use different features for check phase, you can use checkNoDefaultFeatures and checkFeatures. They are only passed to cargo test and not cargo build. If left unset, they default to buildNoDefaultFeatures and buildFeatures.

For example:

rustPlatform.buildRustPackage rec {
  pname = "myproject";
  version = "1.0.0";

  buildNoDefaultFeatures = true;
  buildFeatures = [ "color" "net" ];

  # disable network features in tests
  checkFeatures = [ "color" ];

  # ...
}

Cross compilation

By default, Rust packages are compiled for the host platform, just like any other package is. The --target passed to rust tools is computed from this. By default, it takes the stdenv.hostPlatform.config and replaces components where they are known to differ. But there are ways to customize the argument:

• To choose a different target by name, define stdenv.hostPlatform.rustc.config as that name (a string), and that name will be used instead.

  For example:

  import <nixpkgs> {
    crossSystem = (import <nixpkgs/lib>).systems.examples.armhf-embedded // {
      rustc.config = "thumbv7em-none-eabi";
    };
  }
  

  will result in:

  --target thumbv7em-none-eabi
  

• To pass a completely custom target, define stdenv.hostPlatform.rustc.config with its name, and stdenv.hostPlatform.rustc.platform with the value. The value will be serialized to JSON in a file called ${stdenv.hostPlatform.rustc.config}.json, and the path of that file will be used instead.

  For example:

  import <nixpkgs> {
    crossSystem = (import <nixpkgs/lib>).systems.examples.armhf-embedded // {
      rustc.config = "thumb-crazy";
      rustc.platform = { foo = ""; bar = ""; };
    };
  }
  

  will result in:

  --target /nix/store/asdfasdfsadf-thumb-crazy.json # contains {"foo":"","bar":""}
  

Note that currently custom targets aren't compiled with std, so cargo test will fail. This can be ignored by adding doCheck = false; to your derivation.

Running package tests

When using buildRustPackage, the checkPhase is enabled by default and runs cargo test on the package to build. To make sure that we don't compile the sources twice and to actually test the artifacts that will be used at runtime, the tests will be ran in the release mode by default.

However, in some cases the test-suite of a package doesn't work properly in the release mode. For these situations, the mode for checkPhase can be changed like so:

rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
  /* ... */
  checkType = "debug";
}

Please note that the code will be compiled twice here: once in release mode for the buildPhase, and again in debug mode for the checkPhase.

Test flags, e.g., --package foo, can be passed to cargo test via the cargoTestFlags attribute.

Another attribute, called checkFlags, is used to pass arguments to the test binary itself, as stated here.

Tests relying on the structure of the target/ directory

Some tests may rely on the structure of the target/ directory. Those tests are likely to fail because we use cargo --target during the build. This means that the artifacts are stored in target/<architecture>/release/, rather than in target/release/.

This can only be worked around by patching the affected tests accordingly.

Disabling package-tests

In some instances, it may be necessary to disable testing altogether (with doCheck = false;):

• If no tests exist -- the checkPhase should be explicitly disabled to skip unnecessary build steps to speed up the build.
• If tests are highly impure (e.g. due to network usage).

There will obviously be some corner-cases not listed above where it's sensible to disable tests. The above are just guidelines, and exceptions may be granted on a case-by-case basis.

However, please check if it's possible to disable a problematic subset of the test suite and leave a comment explaining your reasoning.

This can be achieved with --skip in checkFlags:

rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
  /* ... */
  checkFlags = [
    # reason for disabling test
    "--skip=example::tests:example_test"
  ];
}

Using cargo-nextest

Tests can be run with cargo-nextest by setting useNextest = true. The same options still apply, but nextest accepts a different set of arguments and the settings might need to be adapted to be compatible with cargo-nextest.

rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
  /* ... */
  useNextest = true;
}

Setting test-threads

buildRustPackage will use parallel test threads by default, sometimes it may be necessary to disable this so the tests run consecutively.

rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
  /* ... */
  dontUseCargoParallelTests = true;
}

Building a package in debug mode

By default, buildRustPackage will use release mode for builds. If a package should be built in debug mode, it can be configured like so:

rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
  /* ... */
  buildType = "debug";
}

In this scenario, the checkPhase will be ran in debug mode as well.

Custom build/install-procedures

Some packages may use custom scripts for building/installing, e.g. with a Makefile. In these cases, it's recommended to override the buildPhase/installPhase/checkPhase.

Otherwise, some steps may fail because of the modified directory structure of target/.

Building a crate with an absent or out-of-date Cargo.lock file

buildRustPackage needs a Cargo.lock file to get all dependencies in the source code in a reproducible way. If it is missing or out-of-date one can use the cargoPatches attribute to update or add it.

rustPlatform.buildRustPackage rec {
  (...)
  cargoPatches = [
    # a patch file to add/update Cargo.lock in the source code
    ./add-Cargo.lock.patch
  ];
}

Compiling non-Rust packages that include Rust code

Several non-Rust packages incorporate Rust code for performance- or security-sensitive parts. rustPlatform exposes several functions and hooks that can be used to integrate Cargo in non-Rust packages.

Vendoring of dependencies

Since network access is not allowed in sandboxed builds, Rust crate dependencies need to be retrieved using a fetcher. rustPlatform provides the fetchCargoTarball fetcher, which vendors all dependencies of a crate. For example, given a source path src containing Cargo.toml and Cargo.lock, fetchCargoTarball can be used as follows:

cargoDeps = rustPlatform.fetchCargoTarball {
  inherit src;
  hash = "sha256-BoHIN/519Top1NUBjpB/oEMqi86Omt3zTQcXFWqrek0=";
};

The src attribute is required, as well as a hash specified through one of the hash attribute. The following optional attributes can also be used:

• name: the name that is used for the dependencies tarball. If name is not specified, then the name cargo-deps will be used.
• sourceRoot: when the Cargo.lock/Cargo.toml are in a subdirectory, sourceRoot specifies the relative path to these files.
• patches: patches to apply before vendoring. This is useful when the Cargo.lock/Cargo.toml files need to be patched before vendoring.

If a Cargo.lock file is available, you can alternatively use the importCargoLock function. In contrast to fetchCargoTarball, this function does not require a hash (unless git dependencies are used) and fetches every dependency as a separate fixed-output derivation. importCargoLock can be used as follows:

cargoDeps = rustPlatform.importCargoLock {
  lockFile = ./Cargo.lock;
};

If the Cargo.lock file includes git dependencies, then their output hashes need to be specified since they are not available through the lock file. For example:

cargoDeps = rustPlatform.importCargoLock {
  lockFile = ./Cargo.lock;
  outputHashes = {
    "rand-0.8.3" = "0ya2hia3cn31qa8894s3av2s8j5bjwb6yq92k0jsnlx7jid0jwqa";
  };
};

If you do not specify an output hash for a git dependency, building cargoDeps will fail and inform you of which crate needs to be added. To find the correct hash, you can first use lib.fakeSha256 or lib.fakeHash as a stub hash. Building cargoDeps will then inform you of the correct hash.

Hooks

rustPlatform provides the following hooks to automate Cargo builds:

• cargoSetupHook: configure Cargo to use dependencies vendored through fetchCargoTarball. This hook uses the cargoDeps environment variable to find the vendored dependencies. If a project already vendors its dependencies, the variable cargoVendorDir can be used instead. When the Cargo.toml/Cargo.lock files are not in sourceRoot, then the optional cargoRoot is used to specify the Cargo root directory relative to sourceRoot.
• cargoBuildHook: use Cargo to build a crate. If the crate to be built is a crate in e.g. a Cargo workspace, the relative path to the crate to build can be set through the optional buildAndTestSubdir environment variable. Features can be specified with cargoBuildNoDefaultFeatures and cargoBuildFeatures. Additional Cargo build flags can be passed through cargoBuildFlags.
• maturinBuildHook: use Maturin to build a Python wheel. Similar to cargoBuildHook, the optional variable buildAndTestSubdir can be used to build a crate in a Cargo workspace. Additional Maturin flags can be passed through maturinBuildFlags.
• cargoCheckHook: run tests using Cargo. The build type for checks can be set using cargoCheckType. Features can be specified with cargoCheckNoDefaultFeatures and cargoCheckFeatures. Additional flags can be passed to the tests using checkFlags and checkFlagsArray. By default, tests are run in parallel. This can be disabled by setting dontUseCargoParallelTests.
• cargoNextestHook: run tests using cargo-nextest. The same options for cargoCheckHook also applies to cargoNextestHook.
• cargoInstallHook: install binaries and static/shared libraries that were built using cargoBuildHook.
• bindgenHook: for crates which use bindgen as a build dependency, lets bindgen find libclang and libclang find the libraries in buildInputs.

Examples

Python package using setuptools-rust

For Python packages using setuptools-rust, you can use fetchCargoTarball and cargoSetupHook to retrieve and set up Cargo dependencies. The build itself is then performed by buildPythonPackage.

The following example outlines how the tokenizers Python package is built. Since the Python package is in the source/bindings/python directory of the tokenizers project's source archive, we use sourceRoot to point the tooling to this directory:

{ fetchFromGitHub
, buildPythonPackage
, rustPlatform
, setuptools-rust
}:

buildPythonPackage rec {
  pname = "tokenizers";
  version = "0.10.0";

  src = fetchFromGitHub {
    owner = "huggingface";
    repo = pname;
    rev = "python-v${version}";
    hash = "sha256-rQ2hRV52naEf6PvRsWVCTN7B1oXAQGmnpJw4iIdhamw=";
  };

  cargoDeps = rustPlatform.fetchCargoTarball {
    inherit src sourceRoot;
    name = "${pname}-${version}";
    hash = "sha256-miW//pnOmww2i6SOGbkrAIdc/JMDT4FJLqdMFojZeoY=";
  };

  sourceRoot = "source/bindings/python";

  nativeBuildInputs = [ setuptools-rust ] ++ (with rustPlatform; [
    cargoSetupHook
    rust.cargo
    rust.rustc
  ]);

  # ...
}

In some projects, the Rust crate is not in the main Python source directory. In such cases, the cargoRoot attribute can be used to specify the crate's directory relative to sourceRoot. In the following example, the crate is in src/rust, as specified in the cargoRoot attribute. Note that we also need to specify the correct path for fetchCargoTarball.

{ buildPythonPackage
, fetchPypi
, rustPlatform
, setuptools-rust
, openssl
}:

buildPythonPackage rec {
  pname = "cryptography";
  version = "3.4.2"; # Also update the hash in vectors.nix

  src = fetchPypi {
    inherit pname version;
    hash = "sha256-xGDilsjLOnls3MfVbGKnj80KCUCczZxlis5PmHzpNcQ=";
  };

  cargoDeps = rustPlatform.fetchCargoTarball {
    inherit src;
    sourceRoot = "${pname}-${version}/${cargoRoot}";
    name = "${pname}-${version}";
    hash = "sha256-PS562W4L1NimqDV2H0jl5vYhL08H9est/pbIxSdYVfo=";
  };

  cargoRoot = "src/rust";

  # ...
}

Python package using maturin

Python packages that use Maturin can be built with fetchCargoTarball, cargoSetupHook, and maturinBuildHook. For example, the following (partial) derivation builds the retworkx Python package. fetchCargoTarball and cargoSetupHook are used to fetch and set up the crate dependencies. maturinBuildHook is used to perform the build.

{ lib
, buildPythonPackage
, rustPlatform
, fetchFromGitHub
}:

buildPythonPackage rec {
  pname = "retworkx";
  version = "0.6.0";

  src = fetchFromGitHub {
    owner = "Qiskit";
    repo = "retworkx";
    rev = version;
    hash = "sha256-11n30ldg3y3y6qxg3hbj837pnbwjkqw3nxq6frds647mmmprrd20=";
  };

  cargoDeps = rustPlatform.fetchCargoTarball {
    inherit src;
    name = "${pname}-${version}";
    hash = "sha256-heOBK8qi2nuc/Ib+I/vLzZ1fUUD/G/KTw9d7M4Hz5O0=";
  };

  format = "pyproject";

  nativeBuildInputs = with rustPlatform; [ cargoSetupHook maturinBuildHook ];

  # ...
}

Setting Up nix-shell

Oftentimes you want to develop code from within nix-shell. Unfortunately buildRustCrate does not support common nix-shell operations directly (see this issue) so we will use stdenv.mkDerivation instead.

Using the example hello project above, we want to do the following:

• Have access to cargo and rustc
• Have the openssl library available to a crate through it's normal compilation mechanism (pkg-config).

A typical shell.nix might look like:

with import <nixpkgs> {};

stdenv.mkDerivation {
  name = "rust-env";
  nativeBuildInputs = [
    rustc cargo

    # Example Build-time Additional Dependencies
    pkg-config
  ];
  buildInputs = [
    # Example Run-time Additional Dependencies
    openssl
  ];

  # Set Environment Variables
  RUST_BACKTRACE = 1;
}

You should now be able to run the following:

$ nix-shell --pure
$ cargo build
$ cargo test

Controlling Rust Version Inside nix-shell

To control your rust version (i.e. use nightly) from within shell.nix (or other nix expressions) you can use the following shell.nix

# Latest Nightly
with import <nixpkgs> {};
let src = fetchFromGitHub {
      owner = "mozilla";
      repo = "nixpkgs-mozilla";
      # commit from: 2019-05-15
      rev = "9f35c4b09fd44a77227e79ff0c1b4b6a69dff533";
      hash = "sha256-18h0nvh55b5an4gmlgfbvwbyqj91bklf1zymis6lbdh75571qaz0=";
   };
in
with import "${src.out}/rust-overlay.nix" pkgs pkgs;
stdenv.mkDerivation {
  name = "rust-env";
  buildInputs = [
    # Note: to use stable, just replace `nightly` with `stable`
    latest.rustChannels.nightly.rust

    # Add some extra dependencies from `pkgs`
    pkg-config openssl
  ];

  # Set Environment Variables
  RUST_BACKTRACE = 1;
}

Now run:

$ rustc --version
rustc 1.26.0-nightly (188e693b3 2018-03-26)

To see that you are using nightly.

Using community Rust overlays

There are two community maintained approaches to Rust toolchain management:

• oxalica's Rust overlay
• fenix

Oxalica's overlay allows you to select a particular Rust version and components. See their documentation for more detailed usage.

Fenix is an alternative to rustup and can also be used as an overlay.

Both oxalica's overlay and fenix better integrate with nix and cache optimizations. Because of this and ergonomics, either of those community projects should be preferred to the Mozilla's Rust overlay (nixpkgs-mozilla).

How to select a specific rustc and toolchain version

You can consume the oxalica overlay and use it to grab a specific Rust toolchain version. Here is an example shell.nix showing how to grab the current stable toolchain:

{ pkgs ? import <nixpkgs> {
    overlays = [
      (import (fetchTarball "https://github.com/oxalica/rust-overlay/archive/master.tar.gz"))
    ];
  }
}:
pkgs.mkShell {
  nativeBuildInputs = with pkgs; [
    pkg-config
    rust-bin.stable.latest.minimal
  ];
}

You can try this out by:

1. Saving that to shell.nix
2. Executing nix-shell --pure --command 'rustc --version'

As of writing, this prints out rustc 1.56.0 (09c42c458 2021-10-18).

How to use an overlay toolchain in a derivation

You can also use an overlay's Rust toolchain with buildRustPackage. The below snippet demonstrates invoking buildRustPackage with an oxalica overlay selected Rust toolchain:

with import <nixpkgs> {
  overlays = [
    (import (fetchTarball "https://github.com/oxalica/rust-overlay/archive/master.tar.gz"))
  ];
};

rustPlatform.buildRustPackage rec {
  pname = "ripgrep";
  version = "12.1.1";
  nativeBuildInputs = [
    rust-bin.stable.latest.minimal
  ];

  src = fetchFromGitHub {
    owner = "BurntSushi";
    repo = "ripgrep";
    rev = version;
    hash = "sha256-1hqps7l5qrjh9f914r5i6kmcz6f1yb951nv4lby0cjnp5l253kps=";
  };

  cargoSha256 = "03wf9r2csi6jpa7v5sw5lpxkrk4wfzwmzx7k3991q3bdjzcwnnwp";

  meta = with lib; {
    description = "A fast line-oriented regex search tool, similar to ag and ack";
    homepage = "https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep";
    license = licenses.unlicense;
    maintainers = [ maintainers.tailhook ];
  };
}

Follow the below steps to try that snippet.

1. create a new directory
2. save the above snippet as default.nix in that directory
3. cd into that directory and run nix-build

Rust overlay installation

You can use this overlay by either changing your local nixpkgs configuration, or by adding the overlay declaratively in a nix expression, e.g. in configuration.nix. For more information see the manual on installing overlays.

Declarative Rust overlay installation

This snippet shows how to use oxalica's Rust overlay. Add the following to your configuration.nix, home-configuration.nix, shell.nix, or similar:

{ pkgs ? import <nixpkgs> {
    overlays = [
      (import (builtins.fetchTarball "https://github.com/oxalica/rust-overlay/archive/master.tar.gz"))
      # Further overlays go here
    ];
  };
};

Note that this will fetch the latest overlay version when rebuilding your system.