diff --git a/app/controllers/api/v1/accounts_controller.rb b/app/controllers/api/v1/accounts_controller.rb
index 8af4242ba..ddb94d5ca 100644
--- a/app/controllers/api/v1/accounts_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/api/v1/accounts_controller.rb
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class Api::V1::AccountsController < Api::BaseController
   end
 
   def account_params
-    params.permit(:username, :email, :password, :agreement, :locale, :reason)
+    params.permit(:username, :email, :password, :agreement, :locale, :reason, :time_zone)
   end
 
   def check_enabled_registrations
diff --git a/app/controllers/settings/preferences/base_controller.rb b/app/controllers/settings/preferences/base_controller.rb
index faf778a7e..c1f8b4989 100644
--- a/app/controllers/settings/preferences/base_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/settings/preferences/base_controller.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,6 @@ class Settings::Preferences::BaseController < Settings::BaseController
   end
 
   def user_params
-    params.require(:user).permit(:locale, chosen_languages: [], settings_attributes: UserSettings.keys)
+    params.require(:user).permit(:locale, :time_zone, chosen_languages: [], settings_attributes: UserSettings.keys)
   end
 end
diff --git a/app/models/account.rb b/app/models/account.rb
index 8babe7e10..02afc78ca 100644
--- a/app/models/account.rb
+++ b/app/models/account.rb
@@ -144,6 +144,7 @@ class Account < ApplicationRecord
            :locale,
            :shows_application?,
            :prefers_noindex?,
+           :time_zone,
            to: :user,
            prefix: true,
            allow_nil: true
diff --git a/app/models/user.rb b/app/models/user.rb
index 7181cf8d6..e5ec2447c 100644
--- a/app/models/user.rb
+++ b/app/models/user.rb
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
 #  sign_up_ip                :inet
 #  role_id                   :bigint(8)
 #  settings                  :text
+#  time_zone                 :string
 #
 
 class User < ApplicationRecord
@@ -99,6 +100,7 @@ class User < ApplicationRecord
   validates_with BlacklistedEmailValidator, if: -> { ENV['EMAIL_DOMAIN_LISTS_APPLY_AFTER_CONFIRMATION'] == 'true' || !confirmed? }
   validates_with EmailMxValidator, if: :validate_email_dns?
   validates :agreement, acceptance: { allow_nil: false, accept: [true, 'true', '1'] }, on: :create
+  validates :time_zone, inclusion: { in: ActiveSupport::TimeZone.all.map { |tz| tz.tzinfo.name } }, allow_blank: true
 
   # Honeypot/anti-spam fields
   attr_accessor :registration_form_time, :website, :confirm_password
diff --git a/app/services/app_sign_up_service.rb b/app/services/app_sign_up_service.rb
index 3833327bb..94547b61b 100644
--- a/app/services/app_sign_up_service.rb
+++ b/app/services/app_sign_up_service.rb
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class AppSignUpService < BaseService
   end
 
   def user_params
-    @params.slice(:email, :password, :agreement, :locale)
+    @params.slice(:email, :password, :agreement, :locale, :time_zone)
   end
 
   def account_params
diff --git a/app/views/notification_mailer/_status.html.haml b/app/views/notification_mailer/_status.html.haml
index fd65039ae..d8aa38b11 100644
--- a/app/views/notification_mailer/_status.html.haml
+++ b/app/views/notification_mailer/_status.html.haml
@@ -42,4 +42,4 @@
                                         = link_to a.remote_url, a.remote_url
 
                               %p.status-footer
-                                = link_to l(status.created_at), web_url("@#{status.account.pretty_acct}/#{status.id}")
+                                = link_to l(status.created_at.in_time_zone(time_zone)), web_url("@#{status.account.pretty_acct}/#{status.id}")
diff --git a/app/views/notification_mailer/favourite.html.haml b/app/views/notification_mailer/favourite.html.haml
index 4ec89172d..325f0aff5 100644
--- a/app/views/notification_mailer/favourite.html.haml
+++ b/app/views/notification_mailer/favourite.html.haml
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
                               %h1= t 'notification_mailer.favourite.title'
                               %p.lead= t('notification_mailer.favourite.body', name: @account.pretty_acct)
 
-= render 'status', status: @status
+= render 'status', status: @status, time_zone: @me.user_time_zone
 
 %table.email-table{ cellspacing: 0, cellpadding: 0 }
   %tbody
diff --git a/app/views/notification_mailer/mention.html.haml b/app/views/notification_mailer/mention.html.haml
index 4ae9bb7b0..e830644c3 100644
--- a/app/views/notification_mailer/mention.html.haml
+++ b/app/views/notification_mailer/mention.html.haml
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
                               %h1= t 'notification_mailer.mention.title'
                               %p.lead= t('notification_mailer.mention.body', name: @status.account.pretty_acct)
 
-= render 'status', status: @status
+= render 'status', status: @status, time_zone: @me.user_time_zone
 
 %table.email-table{ cellspacing: 0, cellpadding: 0 }
   %tbody
diff --git a/app/views/notification_mailer/reblog.html.haml b/app/views/notification_mailer/reblog.html.haml
index f805c79f0..e4f944123 100644
--- a/app/views/notification_mailer/reblog.html.haml
+++ b/app/views/notification_mailer/reblog.html.haml
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
                               %h1= t 'notification_mailer.reblog.title'
                               %p.lead= t('notification_mailer.reblog.body', name: @account.pretty_acct)
 
-= render 'status', status: @status
+= render 'status', status: @status, time_zone: @me.user_time_zone
 
 %table.email-table{ cellspacing: 0, cellpadding: 0 }
   %tbody
diff --git a/app/views/settings/preferences/appearance/show.html.haml b/app/views/settings/preferences/appearance/show.html.haml
index dc82ce5b6..44db9b91c 100644
--- a/app/views/settings/preferences/appearance/show.html.haml
+++ b/app/views/settings/preferences/appearance/show.html.haml
@@ -6,9 +6,12 @@
 
 = simple_form_for current_user, url: settings_preferences_appearance_path, html: { method: :put, id: 'edit_user' } do |f|
   .fields-row
-    .fields-group
+    .fields-group.fields-row__column.fields-row__column-6
       = f.input :locale, collection: I18n.available_locales, wrapper: :with_label, include_blank: false, label_method: lambda { |locale| native_locale_name(locale) }, selected: I18n.locale, hint: false
 
+    .fields-group.fields-row__column.fields-row__column-6
+      = f.input :time_zone, wrapper: :with_label, collection: ActiveSupport::TimeZone.all.map { |tz| ["(GMT#{tz.formatted_offset}) #{tz.name}", tz.tzinfo.name] }, hint: false
+
   - unless I18n.locale == :en
     .flash-message.translation-prompt
       #{t 'appearance.localization.body'} #{content_tag(:a, t('appearance.localization.guide_link_text'), href: t('appearance.localization.guide_link'), target: '_blank', rel: 'noopener')}
diff --git a/app/views/user_mailer/appeal_approved.html.haml b/app/views/user_mailer/appeal_approved.html.haml
index 962cab2e2..d62789a06 100644
--- a/app/views/user_mailer/appeal_approved.html.haml
+++ b/app/views/user_mailer/appeal_approved.html.haml
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
                         %tbody
                           %tr
                             %td.column-cell.text-center
-                              %p= t 'user_mailer.appeal_approved.explanation', appeal_date: l(@appeal.created_at), strike_date: l(@appeal.strike.created_at)
+                              %p= t 'user_mailer.appeal_approved.explanation', appeal_date: l(@appeal.created_at.in_time_zone(@resource.time_zone)), strike_date: l(@appeal.strike.created_at.in_time_zone(@resource.time_zone))
 
 %table.email-table{ cellspacing: 0, cellpadding: 0 }
   %tbody
diff --git a/app/views/user_mailer/appeal_approved.text.erb b/app/views/user_mailer/appeal_approved.text.erb
index 290fa24c3..99596605a 100644
--- a/app/views/user_mailer/appeal_approved.text.erb
+++ b/app/views/user_mailer/appeal_approved.text.erb
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@
 
 ===
 
-<%= t 'user_mailer.appeal_approved.explanation', appeal_date: l(@appeal.created_at), strike_date: l(@appeal.strike.created_at) %>
+<%= t 'user_mailer.appeal_approved.explanation', appeal_date: l(@appeal.created_at.in_time_zone(@resource.time_zone)), strike_date: l(@appeal.strike.created_at.in_time_zone(@resource.time_zone)) %>
 
 => <%= root_url %>
diff --git a/app/views/user_mailer/appeal_rejected.html.haml b/app/views/user_mailer/appeal_rejected.html.haml
index c316a73fb..ae60775b0 100644
--- a/app/views/user_mailer/appeal_rejected.html.haml
+++ b/app/views/user_mailer/appeal_rejected.html.haml
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
                         %tbody
                           %tr
                             %td.column-cell.text-center
-                              %p= t 'user_mailer.appeal_rejected.explanation', appeal_date: l(@appeal.created_at), strike_date: l(@appeal.strike.created_at)
+                              %p= t 'user_mailer.appeal_rejected.explanation', appeal_date: l(@appeal.created_at.in_time_zone(@resource.time_zone)), strike_date: l(@appeal.strike.created_at.in_time_zone(@resource.time_zone))
 
 %table.email-table{ cellspacing: 0, cellpadding: 0 }
   %tbody
diff --git a/app/views/user_mailer/appeal_rejected.text.erb b/app/views/user_mailer/appeal_rejected.text.erb
index f47a76818..3c9377718 100644
--- a/app/views/user_mailer/appeal_rejected.text.erb
+++ b/app/views/user_mailer/appeal_rejected.text.erb
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@
 
 ===
 
-<%= t 'user_mailer.appeal_rejected.explanation', appeal_date: l(@appeal.created_at), strike_date: l(@appeal.strike.created_at) %>
+<%= t 'user_mailer.appeal_rejected.explanation', appeal_date: l(@appeal.created_at.in_time_zone(@resource.time_zone)), strike_date: l(@appeal.strike.created_at.in_time_zone(@resource.time_zone)) %>
 
 => <%= root_url %>
diff --git a/app/views/user_mailer/suspicious_sign_in.html.haml b/app/views/user_mailer/suspicious_sign_in.html.haml
index e4ad500c3..6ebba3fa5 100644
--- a/app/views/user_mailer/suspicious_sign_in.html.haml
+++ b/app/views/user_mailer/suspicious_sign_in.html.haml
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
                                 %strong= "#{t('sessions.browser')}:"
                                 %span{ title: @user_agent }= t 'sessions.description', browser: t("sessions.browsers.#{@detection.id}", default: @detection.id.to_s), platform: t("sessions.platforms.#{@detection.platform.id}", default: @detection.platform.id.to_s)
                                 %br/
-                                = l(@timestamp)
+                                = l(@timestamp.in_time_zone(@resource.time_zone))
 
 %table.email-table{ cellspacing: 0, cellpadding: 0 }
   %tbody
diff --git a/app/views/user_mailer/suspicious_sign_in.text.erb b/app/views/user_mailer/suspicious_sign_in.text.erb
index 7d2ca28e8..956071e77 100644
--- a/app/views/user_mailer/suspicious_sign_in.text.erb
+++ b/app/views/user_mailer/suspicious_sign_in.text.erb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 
 <%= t('sessions.ip') %>: <%= @remote_ip %>
 <%= t('sessions.browser') %>: <%= t('sessions.description', browser: t("sessions.browsers.#{@detection.id}", default: "#{@detection.id}"), platform: t("sessions.platforms.#{@detection.platform.id}", default: "#{@detection.platform.id}")) %>
-<%= l(@timestamp) %>
+<%= l(@timestamp.in_time_zone(@resource.time_zone)) %>
 
 <%= t 'user_mailer.suspicious_sign_in.further_actions_html', action: t('user_mailer.suspicious_sign_in.change_password') %>
 
diff --git a/app/views/user_mailer/warning.html.haml b/app/views/user_mailer/warning.html.haml
index b9422e950..9cb73b0fe 100644
--- a/app/views/user_mailer/warning.html.haml
+++ b/app/views/user_mailer/warning.html.haml
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
 
 - unless @statuses.empty?
   - @statuses.each_with_index do |status, i|
-    = render 'notification_mailer/status', status: status, i: i + 1, highlighted: true
+    = render 'notification_mailer/status', status: status, i: i + 1, highlighted: true, time_zone: @resource.time_zone
 
 %table.email-table{ cellspacing: 0, cellpadding: 0 }
   %tbody
diff --git a/config/locales/simple_form.en.yml b/config/locales/simple_form.en.yml
index f92e66e55..330c8732f 100644
--- a/config/locales/simple_form.en.yml
+++ b/config/locales/simple_form.en.yml
@@ -297,6 +297,7 @@ en:
         usable: Allow posts to use this hashtag
       user:
         role: Role
+        time_zone: Time zone
       user_role:
         color: Badge color
         highlighted: Display role as badge on user profiles
diff --git a/db/migrate/20230605085711_add_time_zone_to_users.rb b/db/migrate/20230605085711_add_time_zone_to_users.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc6c0b091
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db/migrate/20230605085711_add_time_zone_to_users.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class AddTimeZoneToUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.1]
+  def change
+    add_column :users, :time_zone, :string
+  end
+end
diff --git a/db/schema.rb b/db/schema.rb
index 038451dab..ecfa376ab 100644
--- a/db/schema.rb
+++ b/db/schema.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 #
 # It's strongly recommended that you check this file into your version control system.
 
-ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 2023_06_05_085710) do
+ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 2023_06_05_085711) do
 
   # These are extensions that must be enabled in order to support this database
   enable_extension "plpgsql"
@@ -1091,6 +1091,7 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 2023_06_05_085710) do
     t.boolean "skip_sign_in_token"
     t.bigint "role_id"
     t.text "settings"
+    t.string "time_zone"
     t.index ["account_id"], name: "index_users_on_account_id"
     t.index ["confirmation_token"], name: "index_users_on_confirmation_token", unique: true
     t.index ["created_by_application_id"], name: "index_users_on_created_by_application_id", where: "(created_by_application_id IS NOT NULL)"
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/account_domain_block_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/account_domain_block_fabricator.rb
index ff85e17f3..83df509da 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/account_domain_block_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/account_domain_block_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:account_domain_block) do
-  account
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
   domain 'example.com'
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/account_moderation_note_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/account_moderation_note_fabricator.rb
index 341a24dea..05a687bf4 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/account_moderation_note_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/account_moderation_note_fabricator.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@
 
 Fabricator(:account_moderation_note) do
   content 'MyText'
-  account
-  target_account { Fabricate(:account) }
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
+  target_account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/account_note_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/account_note_fabricator.rb
index bb4ed8b24..241362c14 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/account_note_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/account_note_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:account_note) do
-  account
-  target_account { Fabricate(:account) }
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
+  target_account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
   comment        'User note text'
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/account_stat_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/account_stat_fabricator.rb
index e6085c5f2..20272fb22 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/account_stat_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/account_stat_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:account_stat) do
-  account
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
   statuses_count  '123'
   following_count '456'
   followers_count '789'
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/account_statuses_cleanup_policy_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/account_statuses_cleanup_policy_fabricator.rb
index 0e756ddba..fcf7a5347 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/account_statuses_cleanup_policy_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/account_statuses_cleanup_policy_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:account_statuses_cleanup_policy) do
-  account
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/account_warning_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/account_warning_fabricator.rb
index e5059e37f..70005a927 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/account_warning_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/account_warning_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:account_warning) do
-  account
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
   target_account(fabricator: :account)
   text { Faker::Lorem.paragraph }
   action 'suspend'
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/admin_action_log_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/admin_action_log_fabricator.rb
index a259644bd..3acedbffd 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/admin_action_log_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/admin_action_log_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator('Admin::ActionLog') do
-  account
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
   action  'MyString'
   target  nil
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/backup_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/backup_fabricator.rb
index c73ae54be..58e37c987 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/backup_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/backup_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:backup) do
-  user
+  user { Fabricate.build(:user) }
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/block_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/block_fabricator.rb
index c2e9e9628..c4087e46d 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/block_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/block_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:block) do
-  account
-  target_account { Fabricate(:account) }
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
+  target_account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/bookmark_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/bookmark_fabricator.rb
index e21046fc2..994ac6e68 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/bookmark_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/bookmark_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:bookmark) do
-  account
-  status
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
+  status { Fabricate.build(:status) }
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/bulk_import_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/bulk_import_fabricator.rb
index 673b7960d..d30758dfe 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/bulk_import_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/bulk_import_fabricator.rb
@@ -8,5 +8,5 @@ Fabricator(:bulk_import) do
   imported_items  1
   finished_at     '2022-11-18 14:55:07'
   overwrite       false
-  account
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/bulk_import_row_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/bulk_import_row_fabricator.rb
index f8358e734..10a4bf160 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/bulk_import_row_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/bulk_import_row_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:bulk_import_row) do
-  bulk_import
+  bulk_import { Fabricate.build(:bulk_import) }
   data ''
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/canonical_email_block_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/canonical_email_block_fabricator.rb
index 3a018059f..1ef53ff4a 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/canonical_email_block_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/canonical_email_block_fabricator.rb
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@
 
 Fabricator(:canonical_email_block) do
   email { sequence(:email) { |i| "#{i}#{Faker::Internet.email}" } }
-  reference_account { Fabricate(:account) }
+  reference_account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/custom_filter_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/custom_filter_fabricator.rb
index 5fee4f01a..766cc3b11 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/custom_filter_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/custom_filter_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:custom_filter) do
-  account
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
   expires_at nil
   phrase     'discourse'
   context    %w(home notifications)
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/custom_filter_keyword_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/custom_filter_keyword_fabricator.rb
index f1fb440dc..aa4bf8473 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/custom_filter_keyword_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/custom_filter_keyword_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:custom_filter_keyword) do
-  custom_filter
+  custom_filter { Fabricate.build(:custom_filter) }
   keyword 'discourse'
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/custom_filter_status_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/custom_filter_status_fabricator.rb
index 3ef1d0ec8..f66f62e56 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/custom_filter_status_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/custom_filter_status_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:custom_filter_status) do
-  custom_filter
-  status
+  custom_filter { Fabricate.build(:custom_filter) }
+  status { Fabricate.build(:status) }
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/device_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/device_fabricator.rb
index 26c71b4fd..37a2e8977 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/device_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/device_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:device) do
-  access_token
-  account
+  access_token { Fabricate.build(:access_token) }
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
   device_id        { Faker::Number.number(digits: 5) }
   name             { Faker::App.name }
   fingerprint_key  { Base64.strict_encode64(Ed25519::SigningKey.generate.verify_key.to_bytes) }
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/encrypted_message_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/encrypted_message_fabricator.rb
index 43b310514..349b659c2 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/encrypted_message_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/encrypted_message_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:encrypted_message) do
-  device
-  from_account { Fabricate(:account) }
+  device { Fabricate.build(:device) }
+  from_account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
   from_device_id { Faker::Number.number(digits: 5) }
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/favourite_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/favourite_fabricator.rb
index 005947e6f..639416987 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/favourite_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/favourite_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:favourite) do
-  account
-  status
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
+  status { Fabricate.build(:status) }
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/featured_tag_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/featured_tag_fabricator.rb
index 838364056..0803dc43a 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/featured_tag_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/featured_tag_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:featured_tag) do
-  account
-  tag
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
+  tag { Fabricate.build(:tag) }
   name { sequence(:name) { |i| "Tag#{i}" } }
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/follow_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/follow_fabricator.rb
index 41b5305d5..29886b430 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/follow_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/follow_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:follow) do
-  account
-  target_account { Fabricate(:account) }
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
+  target_account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/follow_request_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/follow_request_fabricator.rb
index 86b82611f..6b2d658a3 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/follow_request_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/follow_request_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:follow_request) do
-  account
-  target_account { Fabricate(:account, locked: true) }
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
+  target_account { Fabricate.build(:account, locked: true) }
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/identity_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/identity_fabricator.rb
index 58072c0d6..83655ee83 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/identity_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/identity_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:identity) do
-  user
+  user { Fabricate.build(:user) }
   provider 'MyString'
   uid      'MyString'
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/invite_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/invite_fabricator.rb
index 4f47d6ce2..8fdf5f918 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/invite_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/invite_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:invite) do
-  user
+  user { Fabricate.build(:user) }
   expires_at nil
   max_uses   nil
   uses       0
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/list_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/list_fabricator.rb
index 47af752b8..d2bdc1012 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/list_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/list_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:list) do
-  account
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
   title 'MyString'
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/login_activity_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/login_activity_fabricator.rb
index 2b30658ff..3309a303d 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/login_activity_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/login_activity_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:login_activity) do
-  user
+  user { Fabricate.build(:user) }
   authentication_method 'password'
   success               true
   failure_reason        nil
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/marker_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/marker_fabricator.rb
index 561c2553a..641db6b9e 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/marker_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/marker_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:marker) do
-  user
+  user { Fabricate.build(:user) }
   timeline     'home'
   last_read_id 0
   lock_version 0
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/media_attachment_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/media_attachment_fabricator.rb
index 4a081dccb..062d3cbfe 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/media_attachment_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/media_attachment_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:media_attachment) do
-  account
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
 
   file do |attrs|
     case attrs[:type]
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/mention_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/mention_fabricator.rb
index 5a8392827..ee8160aeb 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/mention_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/mention_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:mention) do
-  account
-  status
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
+  status { Fabricate.build(:status) }
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/mute_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/mute_fabricator.rb
index 242ae2b08..a70d3ff26 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/mute_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/mute_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:mute) do
-  account
-  target_account { Fabricate(:account) }
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
+  target_account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/notification_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/notification_fabricator.rb
index 1e0c80987..fdfd7673e 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/notification_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/notification_fabricator.rb
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@
 
 Fabricator(:notification) do
   activity fabricator: :status
-  account
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/one_time_key_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/one_time_key_fabricator.rb
index cfb365cab..505282e05 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/one_time_key_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/one_time_key_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:one_time_key) do
-  device
+  device { Fabricate.build(:device) }
   key_id { Faker::Alphanumeric.alphanumeric(number: 10) }
   key { Base64.strict_encode64(Ed25519::SigningKey.generate.verify_key.to_bytes) }
 
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/poll_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/poll_fabricator.rb
index 19c3b1d16..0203609ce 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/poll_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/poll_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:poll) do
-  account
-  status
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
+  status { Fabricate.build(:status) }
   expires_at  { 7.days.from_now }
   options     %w(Foo Bar)
   multiple    false
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/poll_vote_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/poll_vote_fabricator.rb
index 9099ae96f..47813cdb7 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/poll_vote_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/poll_vote_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:poll_vote) do
-  account
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
   poll
   choice 0
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/report_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/report_fabricator.rb
index 7124773ad..ed890230a 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/report_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/report_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:report) do
-  account
-  target_account  { Fabricate(:account) }
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
+  target_account  { Fabricate.build(:account) }
   comment         'You nasty'
   action_taken_at nil
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/report_note_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/report_note_fabricator.rb
index f257fe2b7..080fad51a 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/report_note_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/report_note_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:report_note) do
-  report
-  account { Fabricate(:account) }
+  report { Fabricate.build(:report) }
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
   content 'Test Content'
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/scheduled_status_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/scheduled_status_fabricator.rb
index e517f258a..eed275ab9 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/scheduled_status_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/scheduled_status_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:scheduled_status) do
-  account
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
   scheduled_at { 20.hours.from_now }
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/session_activation_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/session_activation_fabricator.rb
index b28d5e41d..4b5244cec 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/session_activation_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/session_activation_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:session_activation) do
-  user
+  user { Fabricate.build(:user) }
   session_id 'MyString'
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/status_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/status_fabricator.rb
index 17ac9ccd8..32a2cbf6a 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/status_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/status_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:status) do
-  account
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
   text 'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet'
 
   after_build do |status|
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/status_pin_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/status_pin_fabricator.rb
index 9ad0ac9de..ceaaa34a7 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/status_pin_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/status_pin_fabricator.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 Fabricator(:status_pin) do
-  account
-  status { |attrs| Fabricate(:status, account: attrs[:account], visibility: :public) }
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
+  status { |attrs| Fabricate.build(:status, account: attrs[:account], visibility: :public) }
 end
diff --git a/spec/fabricators/tag_follow_fabricator.rb b/spec/fabricators/tag_follow_fabricator.rb
index cbe5b0989..014435d60 100644
--- a/spec/fabricators/tag_follow_fabricator.rb
+++ b/spec/fabricators/tag_follow_fabricator.rb
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@
 
 Fabricator(:tag_follow) do
   tag
-  account
+  account { Fabricate.build(:account) }
 end
diff --git a/spec/models/media_attachment_spec.rb b/spec/models/media_attachment_spec.rb
index 4d4bc748f..2dfc6cf92 100644
--- a/spec/models/media_attachment_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/models/media_attachment_spec.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 require 'rails_helper'
 
-RSpec.describe MediaAttachment do
+RSpec.describe MediaAttachment, paperclip_processing: true do
   describe 'local?' do
     subject { media_attachment.local? }
 
diff --git a/spec/rails_helper.rb b/spec/rails_helper.rb
index d7e2b5c18..f4113d565 100644
--- a/spec/rails_helper.rb
+++ b/spec/rails_helper.rb
@@ -94,6 +94,12 @@ RSpec.configure do |config|
     stub_jsonld_contexts!
   end
 
+  config.before(:each) do |example|
+    unless example.metadata[:paperclip_processing]
+      allow_any_instance_of(Paperclip::Attachment).to receive(:post_process).and_return(true) # rubocop:disable RSpec/AnyInstance
+    end
+  end
+
   config.after :each do
     Rails.cache.clear
     redis.del(redis.keys)
diff --git a/spec/support/examples/models/concerns/account_avatar.rb b/spec/support/examples/models/concerns/account_avatar.rb
index 2180f5273..8f5b81f3a 100644
--- a/spec/support/examples/models/concerns/account_avatar.rb
+++ b/spec/support/examples/models/concerns/account_avatar.rb
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ shared_examples 'AccountAvatar' do |fabricator|
     end
   end
 
-  describe 'base64-encoded files' do
+  describe 'base64-encoded files', paperclip_processing: true do
     let(:base64_attachment) { "data:image/jpeg;base64,#{Base64.encode64(attachment_fixture('attachment.jpg').read)}" }
     let(:account) { Fabricate(fabricator, avatar: base64_attachment) }
 
diff --git a/spec/support/examples/models/concerns/account_header.rb b/spec/support/examples/models/concerns/account_header.rb
index 77ee0e629..d65f54f00 100644
--- a/spec/support/examples/models/concerns/account_header.rb
+++ b/spec/support/examples/models/concerns/account_header.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 shared_examples 'AccountHeader' do |fabricator|
-  describe 'base64-encoded files' do
+  describe 'base64-encoded files', paperclip_processing: true do
     let(:base64_attachment) { "data:image/jpeg;base64,#{Base64.encode64(attachment_fixture('attachment.jpg').read)}" }
     let(:account) { Fabricate(fabricator, header: base64_attachment) }
 
diff --git a/streaming/index.js b/streaming/index.js
index d48f0f1b1..916962c59 100644
--- a/streaming/index.js
+++ b/streaming/index.js
@@ -1230,7 +1230,7 @@ const startServer = async () => {
 
     ws.on('message', (data, isBinary) => {
       if (isBinary) {
-        log.debug('Received binary data, closing connection');
+        log.warn('socket', 'Received binary data, closing connection');
         ws.close(1003, 'The mastodon streaming server does not support binary messages');
         return;
       }