<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
         xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
         xml:id="chap-language-support">

<title>Support for specific programming languages</title>

<para>The <link linkend="chap-stdenv">standard build
environment</link> makes it easy to build typical Autotools-based
packages with very little code.  Any other kind of package can be
accomodated by overriding the appropriate phases of
<literal>stdenv</literal>.  However, there are specialised functions
in Nixpkgs to easily build packages for other programming languages,
such as Perl or Haskell.  These are described in this chapter.</para>


<section xml:id="ssec-language-perl"><title>Perl</title>

<para>Nixpkgs provides a function <varname>buildPerlPackage</varname>,
a generic package builder function for any Perl package that has a
standard <varname>Makefile.PL</varname>.  It’s implemented in <link
xlink:href="https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/development/perl-modules/generic"><filename>pkgs/development/perl-modules/generic</filename></link>.</para>

<para>Perl packages from CPAN are defined in <link
xlink:href="https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/top-level/perl-packages.nix"><filename>pkgs/top-level/perl-packages.nix</filename></link>,
rather than <filename>pkgs/all-packages.nix</filename>.  Most Perl
packages are so straight-forward to build that they are defined here
directly, rather than having a separate function for each package
called from <filename>perl-packages.nix</filename>.  However, more
complicated packages should be put in a separate file, typically in
<filename>pkgs/development/perl-modules</filename>.  Here is an
example of the former:

<programlisting>
ClassC3 = buildPerlPackage rec {
  name = "Class-C3-0.21";
  src = fetchurl {
    url = "mirror://cpan/authors/id/F/FL/FLORA/${name}.tar.gz";
    sha256 = "1bl8z095y4js66pwxnm7s853pi9czala4sqc743fdlnk27kq94gz";
  };
};
</programlisting>

Note the use of <literal>mirror://cpan/</literal>, and the
<literal>${name}</literal> in the URL definition to ensure that the
name attribute is consistent with the source that we’re actually
downloading.  Perl packages are made available in
<filename>all-packages.nix</filename> through the variable
<varname>perlPackages</varname>.  For instance, if you have a package
that needs <varname>ClassC3</varname>, you would typically write

<programlisting>
foo = import ../path/to/foo.nix {
  inherit stdenv fetchurl ...;
  inherit (perlPackages) ClassC3;
};
</programlisting>

in <filename>all-packages.nix</filename>.  You can test building a
Perl package as follows:

<screen>
$ nix-build -A perlPackages.ClassC3
</screen>

<varname>buildPerlPackage</varname> adds <literal>perl-</literal> to
the start of the name attribute, so the package above is actually
called <literal>perl-Class-C3-0.21</literal>.  So to install it, you
can say:

<screen>
$ nix-env -i perl-Class-C3
</screen>

(Of course you can also install using the attribute name:
<literal>nix-env -i -A perlPackages.ClassC3</literal>.)</para>

<para>So what does <varname>buildPerlPackage</varname> do?  It does
the following:

<orderedlist>

  <listitem><para>In the configure phase, it calls <literal>perl
  Makefile.PL</literal> to generate a Makefile.  You can set the
  variable <varname>makeMakerFlags</varname> to pass flags to
  <filename>Makefile.PL</filename></para></listitem>

  <listitem><para>It adds the contents of the <envar>PERL5LIB</envar>
  environment variable to <literal>#! .../bin/perl</literal> line of
  Perl scripts as <literal>-I<replaceable>dir</replaceable></literal>
  flags.  This ensures that a script can find its
  dependencies.</para></listitem>

  <listitem><para>In the fixup phase, it writes the propagated build
  inputs (<varname>propagatedBuildInputs</varname>) to the file
  <filename>$out/nix-support/propagated-user-env-packages</filename>.
  <command>nix-env</command> recursively installs all packages listed
  in this file when you install a package that has it.  This ensures
  that a Perl package can find its dependencies.</para></listitem>

</orderedlist>

</para>

<para><varname>buildPerlPackage</varname> is built on top of
<varname>stdenv</varname>, so everything can be customised in the
usual way.  For instance, the <literal>BerkeleyDB</literal> module has
a <varname>preConfigure</varname> hook to generate a configuration
file used by <filename>Makefile.PL</filename>:

<programlisting>
{buildPerlPackage, fetchurl, db}:

buildPerlPackage rec {
  name = "BerkeleyDB-0.36";

  src = fetchurl {
    url = "mirror://cpan/authors/id/P/PM/PMQS/${name}.tar.gz";
    sha256 = "07xf50riarb60l1h6m2dqmql8q5dij619712fsgw7ach04d8g3z1";
  };

  preConfigure = ''
    echo "LIB = ${db}/lib" > config.in
    echo "INCLUDE = ${db}/include" >> config.in
  '';
}
</programlisting>

</para>

<para>Dependencies on other Perl packages can be specified in the
<varname>buildInputs</varname> and
<varname>propagatedBuildInputs</varname> attributes.  If something is
exclusively a build-time dependency, use
<varname>buildInputs</varname>; if it’s (also) a runtime dependency,
use <varname>propagatedBuildInputs</varname>.  For instance, this
builds a Perl module that has runtime dependencies on a bunch of other
modules:

<programlisting>
ClassC3Componentised = buildPerlPackage rec {
  name = "Class-C3-Componentised-1.0004";
  src = fetchurl {
    url = "mirror://cpan/authors/id/A/AS/ASH/${name}.tar.gz";
    sha256 = "0xql73jkcdbq4q9m0b0rnca6nrlvf5hyzy8is0crdk65bynvs8q1";
  };
  propagatedBuildInputs = [
    ClassC3 ClassInspector TestException MROCompat
  ];
};
</programlisting>

</para>

<section><title>Generation from CPAN</title>

<para>Nix expressions for Perl packages can be generated (almost)
automatically from CPAN.  This is done by the program
<command>nix-generate-from-cpan</command>, which can be installed
as follows:</para>

<screen>
$ nix-env -i nix-generate-from-cpan
</screen>

<para>This program takes a Perl module name, looks it up on CPAN,
fetches and unpacks the corresponding package, and prints a Nix
expression on standard output.  For example:

<screen>
$ nix-generate-from-cpan XML::Simple
  XMLSimple = buildPerlPackage {
    name = "XML-Simple-2.20";
    src = fetchurl {
      url = mirror://cpan/authors/id/G/GR/GRANTM/XML-Simple-2.20.tar.gz;
      sha256 = "5cff13d0802792da1eb45895ce1be461903d98ec97c9c953bc8406af7294434a";
    };
    propagatedBuildInputs = [ XMLNamespaceSupport XMLSAX XMLSAXExpat ];
    meta = {
      description = "Easily read/write XML (esp config files)";
      license = "perl";
    };
  };
</screen>

The output can be pasted into
<filename>pkgs/top-level/perl-packages.nix</filename> or wherever else
you need it.</para>

</section>

</section>


<section><title>Python</title>

<para>
  Python packages that
  use <link xlink:href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/setuptools/"><literal>setuptools</literal></link>,
  which many Python packages do nowadays, can be built very simply using
  the <varname>buildPythonPackage</varname> function.  This function is
  implemented
  in <link xlink:href="https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/development/python-modules/generic/default.nix"><filename>pkgs/development/python-modules/generic/default.nix</filename></link>
  and works similarly to <varname>buildPerlPackage</varname>. (See
  <xref linkend="ssec-language-perl"/> for details.)
</para>

<para>
  Python packages that use <varname>buildPythonPackage</varname> are
  defined
  in <link xlink:href="https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/top-level/python-packages.nix"><filename>pkgs/top-level/python-packages.nix</filename></link>.
  Most of them are simple.  For example:

  <programlisting>
twisted = buildPythonPackage {
  name = "twisted-8.1.0";

  src = fetchurl {
    url = http://tmrc.mit.edu/mirror/twisted/Twisted/8.1/Twisted-8.1.0.tar.bz2;
    sha256 = "0q25zbr4xzknaghha72mq57kh53qw1bf8csgp63pm9sfi72qhirl";
  };

  propagatedBuildInputs = [ pkgs.ZopeInterface ];

  meta = {
    homepage = http://twistedmatrix.com/;
    description = "Twisted, an event-driven networking engine written in Python";
    license = "MIT";
  };
};
  </programlisting>
</para>

</section>


<section xml:id="ssec-language-ruby"><title>Ruby</title>
  <para>For example, to package yajl-ruby package, use gem-nix:</para>
  
  <screen>
    $ nix-env -i gem-nix
    $ gem-nix --no-user-install --nix-file=pkgs/development/interpreters/ruby/generated.nix yajl-ruby
    $ nix-build -A rubyLibs.yajl-ruby
  </screen>
</section>


<section xml:id="ssec-language-go"><title>Go</title>
  <para>To extract dependency information from a Go package in automated way use <link xlink:href="https://github.com/cstrahan/go2nix">go2nix</link>.</para>
</section>


<section xml:id="ssec-language-java"><title>Java</title>

<para>Ant-based Java packages are typically built from source as follows:

<programlisting>
stdenv.mkDerivation {
  name = "...";
  src = fetchurl { ... };

  buildInputs = [ jdk ant ];

  buildPhase = "ant";
}
</programlisting>

Note that <varname>jdk</varname> is an alias for the OpenJDK.</para>

<para>JAR files that are intended to be used by other packages should
be installed in <filename>$out/share/java</filename>.  The OpenJDK has
a stdenv setup hook that adds any JARs in the
<filename>share/java</filename> directories of the build inputs to the
<envar>CLASSPATH</envar> environment variable.  For instance, if the
package <literal>libfoo</literal> installs a JAR named
<filename>foo.jar</filename> in its <filename>share/java</filename>
directory, and another package declares the attribute

<programlisting>
buildInputs = [ jdk libfoo ];
</programlisting>

then <envar>CLASSPATH</envar> will be set to
<filename>/nix/store/...-libfoo/share/java/foo.jar</filename>.</para>

<para>Private JARs
should be installed in a location like
<filename>$out/share/<replaceable>package-name</replaceable></filename>.</para>

<para>If your Java package provides a program, you need to generate a
wrapper script to run it using the OpenJRE.  You can use
<literal>makeWrapper</literal> for this:

<programlisting>
buildInputs = [ makeWrapper ];

installPhase =
  ''
    mkdir -p $out/bin
    makeWrapper ${jre}/bin/java $out/bin/foo \
      --add-flags "-cp $out/share/java/foo.jar org.foo.Main"
  '';
</programlisting>

Note the use of <literal>jre</literal>, which is the part of the
OpenJDK package that contains the Java Runtime Environment.  By using
<literal>${jre}/bin/java</literal> instead of
<literal>${jdk}/bin/java</literal>, you prevent your package from
depending on the JDK at runtime.</para>

<para>It is possible to use a different Java compiler than
<command>javac</command> from the OpenJDK.  For instance, to use the
Eclipse Java Compiler:

<programlisting>
buildInputs = [ jre ant ecj ];
</programlisting>

(Note that here you don’t need the full JDK as an input, but just the
JRE.)  The ECJ has a stdenv setup hook that sets some environment
variables to cause Ant to use ECJ, but this doesn’t work with all Ant
files.  Similarly, you can use the GNU Java Compiler:

<programlisting>
buildInputs = [ gcj ant ];
</programlisting>

Here, Ant will automatically use <command>gij</command> (the GNU Java
Runtime) instead of the OpenJRE.</para>

</section>


<section xml:id="ssec-language-lua"><title>Lua</title>

<para>
  Lua packages are built by the <varname>buildLuaPackage</varname> function.  This function is
  implemented
  in <link xlink:href="https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/development/lua-modules/generic/default.nix">
  <filename>pkgs/development/lua-modules/generic/default.nix</filename></link>
  and works similarly to <varname>buildPerlPackage</varname>. (See
  <xref linkend="ssec-language-perl"/> for details.)
</para>

<para>
  Lua packages are defined
  in <link xlink:href="https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/top-level/lua-packages.nix"><filename>pkgs/top-level/lua-packages.nix</filename></link>.
  Most of them are simple. For example:

  <programlisting>
fileSystem = buildLuaPackage {
  name = "filesystem-1.6.2";
  src = fetchurl {
    url = "https://github.com/keplerproject/luafilesystem/archive/v1_6_2.tar.gz";
    sha256 = "1n8qdwa20ypbrny99vhkmx8q04zd2jjycdb5196xdhgvqzk10abz";
  };  
  meta = {
    homepage = "https://github.com/keplerproject/luafilesystem";
    hydraPlatforms = stdenv.lib.platforms.linux;
    maintainers = with maintainers; [ flosse ];
  };
};
  </programlisting>
</para>

<para>
  Though, more complicated package should be placed in a seperate file in 
  <link
  xlink:href="https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/development/lua-modules"><filename>pkgs/development/lua-modules</filename></link>.
</para>
<para>
  Lua packages accept additional parameter <varname>disabled</varname>, which defines
  the condition of disabling package from luaPackages. For example, if package has
  <varname>disabled</varname> assigned to <literal>lua.luaversion != "5.1"</literal>,
  it will not be included in any luaPackages except lua51Packages, making it
  only be built for lua 5.1.
</para>

</section>

<section xml:id="ssec-language-coq"><title>Coq</title>
  <para>
    Coq libraries should be installed in
    <literal>$(out)/lib/coq/${coq.coq-version}/user-contrib/</literal>.
    Such directories are automatically added to the
    <literal>$COQPATH</literal> environment variable by the hook defined
    in the Coq derivation.
  </para>
  <para>
    Some libraries require OCaml and sometimes also Camlp5. The exact
    versions that were used to build Coq are saved in the
    <literal>coq.ocaml</literal> and <literal>coq.camlp5</literal>
    attributes.
  </para>
  <para>
    Here is a simple package example. It is a pure Coq library, thus it
    only depends on Coq. Its <literal>makefile</literal> has been
    generated using <literal>coq_makefile</literal> so we only have to
    set the <literal>$COQLIB</literal> variable at install time.
  </para>
  <programlisting>
{stdenv, fetchurl, coq}:
stdenv.mkDerivation {
  src = fetchurl {
    url = http://coq.inria.fr/pylons/contribs/files/Karatsuba/v8.4/Karatsuba.tar.gz;
    sha256 = "0ymfpv4v49k4fm63nq6gcl1hbnnxrvjjp7yzc4973n49b853c5b1";
  };

  name = "coq-karatsuba";

  buildInputs = [ coq ];

  installFlags = "COQLIB=$(out)/lib/coq/${coq.coq-version}/";
}
</programlisting>
</section>

<!--
<section><title>Haskell</title>

<para>TODO</para>

</section>


<section><title>TeX / LaTeX</title>

<para>* Special support for building TeX documents</para>

</section>
-->


</chapter>