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<refentry xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle><command>nixos-rebuild</command></refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
<refmiscinfo class="source">NixOS</refmiscinfo>
<!-- <refmiscinfo class="version"><xi:include href="version.txt" parse="text"/></refmiscinfo> -->
</refmeta>
<refnamediv>
<refname><command>nixos-rebuild</command></refname>
<refpurpose>reconfigure a NixOS machine</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsynopsisdiv>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>nixos-rebuild</command>
<group choice='req'>
<arg choice='plain'><option>switch</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>boot</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>test</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>build</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>dry-build</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>dry-activate</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>build-vm</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>build-vm-with-bootloader</option></arg>
</group>
<sbr />
<arg><option>--upgrade</option></arg>
<arg><option>--install-bootloader</option></arg>
<arg><option>--no-build-nix</option></arg>
<arg><option>--fast</option></arg>
<arg><option>--rollback</option></arg>
<sbr />
<arg>
<group choice='req'>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--profile-name</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>-p</option></arg>
</group>
<replaceable>name</replaceable>
</arg>
<sbr />
<arg><option>--show-trace</option></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
</refsynopsisdiv>
<refsection><title>Description</title>
<para>This command updates the system so that it corresponds to the
configuration specified in
<filename>/etc/nixos/configuration.nix</filename>. Thus, every time
you modify <filename>/etc/nixos/configuration.nix</filename> or any
NixOS module, you must run <command>nixos-rebuild</command> to make
the changes take effect. It builds the new system in
<filename>/nix/store</filename>, runs its activation script, and stop
and (re)starts any system services if needed.</para>
<para>This command has one required argument, which specifies the
desired operation. It must be one of the following:
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>switch</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Build and activate the new configuration, and make it the
boot default. That is, the configuration is added to the GRUB
boot menu as the default meny entry, so that subsequent reboots
will boot the system into the new configuration. Previous
configurations activated with <command>nixos-rebuild
switch</command> or <command>nixos-rebuild boot</command> remain
available in the GRUB menu.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>boot</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Build the new configuration and make it the boot default
(as with <command>nixos-rebuild switch</command>), but do not
activate it. That is, the system continues to run the previous
configuration until the next reboot.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>test</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Build and activate the new configuration, but do not add
it to the GRUB boot menu. Thus, if you reboot the system (or if
it crashes), you will automatically revert to the default
configuration (i.e. the configuration resulting from the last
call to <command>nixos-rebuild switch</command> or
<command>nixos-rebuild boot</command>).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>build</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Build the new configuration, but neither activate it nor
add it to the GRUB boot menu. It leaves a symlink named
<filename>result</filename> in the current directory, which
points to the output of the top-level “system” derivation. This
is essentially the same as doing
<screen>
$ nix-build /path/to/nixpkgs/nixos -A system
</screen>
Note that you do not need to be <literal>root</literal> to run
<command>nixos-rebuild build</command>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>dry-build</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Show what store paths would be built or downloaded by any
of the operations above, but otherwise do nothing.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>dry-activate</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Build the new configuration, but instead of activating it,
show what changes would be performed by the activation (i.e. by
<command>nixos-rebuild test</command>). For
instance, this command will print which systemd units would be
restarted. The list of changes is not guaranteed to be
complete.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>build-vm</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Build a script that starts a NixOS virtual machine with
the desired configuration. It leaves a symlink
<filename>result</filename> in the current directory that points
(under
<filename>result/bin/run-<replaceable>hostname</replaceable>-vm</filename>)
at the script that starts the VM. Thus, to test a NixOS
configuration in a virtual machine, you should do the following:
<screen>
$ nixos-rebuild build-vm
$ ./result/bin/run-*-vm
</screen></para>
<para>The VM is implemented using the <literal>qemu</literal>
package. For best performance, you should load the
<literal>kvm-intel</literal> or <literal>kvm-amd</literal>
kernel modules to get hardware virtualisation.</para>
<para>The VM mounts the Nix store of the host through the 9P
file system. The host Nix store is read-only, so Nix commands
that modify the Nix store will not work in the VM. This
includes commands such as <command>nixos-rebuild</command>; to
change the VMs configuration, you must halt the VM and re-run
the commands above.
</para>
<para>The VM has its own <literal>ext3</literal> root file
system, which is automatically created when the VM is first
started, and is persistent across reboots of the VM. It is
stored in
<literal>./<replaceable>hostname</replaceable>.qcow2</literal>.
<!-- The entire file system hierarchy of the host is available in
the VM under <filename>/hostfs</filename>.--></para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>build-vm-with-bootloader</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Like <option>build-vm</option>, but boots using the
regular boot loader of your configuration (e.g., GRUB 1 or 2),
rather than booting directly into the kernel and initial ramdisk
of the system. This allows you to test whether the boot loader
works correctly. However, it does not guarantee that your NixOS
configuration will boot successfully on the host hardware (i.e.,
after running <command>nixos-rebuild switch</command>), because
the hardware and boot loader configuration in the VM are
different. The boot loader is installed on an automatically
generated virtual disk containing a <filename>/boot</filename>
partition, which is mounted read-only in the VM.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</para>
</refsection>
<refsection><title>Options</title>
<para>This command accepts the following options:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--upgrade</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Fetch the latest version of NixOS from the NixOS
channel.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--install-bootloader</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Causes the boot loader to be (re)installed on the
device specified by the relevant configuration options.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--no-build-nix</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Normally, <command>nixos-rebuild</command> first builds
the <varname>nixUnstable</varname> attribute in Nixpkgs, and
uses the resulting instance of the Nix package manager to build
the new system configuration. This is necessary if the NixOS
modules use features not provided by the currently installed
version of Nix. This option disables building a new Nix.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--fast</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Equivalent to <option>--no-build-nix</option>
<option>--show-trace</option>. This option is useful if you
call <command>nixos-rebuild</command> frequently (e.g. if youre
hacking on a NixOS module).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--rollback</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Instead of building a new configuration as specified by
<filename>/etc/nixos/configuration.nix</filename>, roll back to
the previous configuration. (The previous configuration is
defined as the one before the “current” generation of the
Nix profile <filename>/nix/var/nix/profiles/system</filename>.)</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--profile-name</option></term>
<term><option>-p</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Instead of using the Nix profile
<filename>/nix/var/nix/profiles/system</filename> to keep track
of the current and previous system configurations, use
<filename>/nix/var/nix/profiles/system-profiles/<replaceable>name</replaceable></filename>.
When you use GRUB 2, for every system profile created with this
flag, NixOS will create a submenu named “NixOS - Profile
'<replaceable>name</replaceable>'” in GRUBs boot menu,
containing the current and previous configurations of this
profile.</para>
<para>For instance, if you want to test a configuration file
named <filename>test.nix</filename> without affecting the
default system profile, you would do:
<screen>
$ nixos-rebuild switch -p test -I nixos-config=./test.nix
</screen>
The new configuration will appear in the GRUB 2 submenu “NixOS - Profile
'test'”.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--build-host</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Instead of building the new configuration locally, use the
specified host to perform the build. The host needs to be accessible
with ssh, and must be able to perform Nix builds. If the option
<option>--target-host</option> is not set, the build will be copied back
to the local machine when done.</para>
<para>Note that, if <option>--no-build-nix</option> is not specified,
Nix will be built both locally and remotely. This is because the
configuration will always be evaluated locally even though the building
might be performed remotely.</para>
<para>You can include a remote user name in
the host name (<replaceable>user@host</replaceable>). You can also set
ssh options by defining the <envar>NIX_SSHOPTS</envar> environment
variable.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--target-host</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Specifies the NixOS target host. By setting this to something other
than <replaceable>localhost</replaceable>, the system activation will
happen on the remote host instead of the local machine. The remote host
needs to be accessible over ssh, and for the commands
<option>switch</option>, <option>boot</option> and <option>test</option>
you need root access.</para>
<para>If <option>--build-host</option> is not explicitly
specified, <option>--build-host</option> will implicitly be set to the
same value as <option>--target-host</option>. So, if you only specify
<option>--target-host</option> both building and activation will take
place remotely (and no build artifacts will be copied to the local
machine).</para>
<para>You can include a remote user name in
the host name (<replaceable>user@host</replaceable>). You can also set
ssh options by defining the <envar>NIX_SSHOPTS</envar> environment
variable.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>In addition, <command>nixos-rebuild</command> accepts various
Nix-related flags, including <option>--max-jobs</option> /
<option>-j</option>, <option>--show-trace</option>,
<option>--keep-failed</option>, <option>--keep-going</option> and
<option>--verbose</option> / <option>-v</option>. See
the Nix manual for details.</para>
</refsection>
<refsection><title>Environment</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><envar>NIXOS_CONFIG</envar></term>
<listitem>
<para>Path to the main NixOS configuration module. Defaults to
<filename>/etc/nixos/configuration.nix</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><envar>NIX_SSHOPTS</envar></term>
<listitem><para>Additional options to be passed to
<command>ssh</command> on the command line.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsection>
<refsection><title>Files</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/run/current-system</filename></term>
<listitem>
<para>A symlink to the currently active system configuration in
the Nix store.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/nix/var/nix/profiles/system</filename></term>
<listitem>
<para>The Nix profile that contains the current and previous
system configurations. Used to generate the GRUB boot
menu.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsection>
<refsection><title>Bugs</title>
<para>This command should be renamed to something more
descriptive.</para>
</refsection>
</refentry>