Logging
System-wide logging is provided by systemd’s
journal, which subsumes traditional logging
daemons such as syslogd and klogd. Log entries are kept in binary
files in /var/log/journal/. The command
journalctl allows you to see the contents of the
journal. For example,
$ journalctl -b
shows all journal entries since the last reboot. (The output of
journalctl is piped into less
by default.) You can use various options and match operators to
restrict output to messages of interest. For instance, to get all
messages from PostgreSQL:
$ journalctl -u postgresql.service
-- Logs begin at Mon, 2013-01-07 13:28:01 CET, end at Tue, 2013-01-08 01:09:57 CET. --
...
Jan 07 15:44:14 hagbard postgres[2681]: [2-1] LOG: database system is shut down
-- Reboot --
Jan 07 15:45:10 hagbard postgres[2532]: [1-1] LOG: database system was shut down at 2013-01-07 15:44:14 CET
Jan 07 15:45:13 hagbard postgres[2500]: [1-1] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections
Or to get all messages since the last reboot that have at least a
critical
severity level:
$ journalctl -b -p crit
Dec 17 21:08:06 mandark sudo[3673]: pam_unix(sudo:auth): auth could not identify password for [alice]
Dec 29 01:30:22 mandark kernel[6131]: [1053513.909444] CPU6: Core temperature above threshold, cpu clock throttled (total events = 1)
The system journal is readable by root and by users in the
wheel and systemd-journal
groups. All users have a private journal that can be read using
journalctl.