nixpkgs/nixos/doc/manual/configuration/customizing-packages.xml

<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
         xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
         xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
         version="5.0"
         xml:id="sec-customising-packages">

<title>Customising Packages</title>

<para>Some packages in Nixpkgs have options to enable or disable
optional functionality or change other aspects of the package.  For
instance, the Firefox wrapper package (which provides Firefox with a
set of plugins such as the Adobe Flash player) has an option to enable
the Google Talk plugin.  It can be set in
<filename>configuration.nix</filename> as follows:

<filename>
nixpkgs.config.firefox.enableGoogleTalkPlugin = true;
</filename>
</para>

<warning><para>Unfortunately, Nixpkgs currently lacks a way to query
available configuration options.</para></warning>

<para>Apart from high-level options, it’s possible to tweak a package
in almost arbitrary ways, such as changing or disabling dependencies
of a package.  For instance, the Emacs package in Nixpkgs by default
has a dependency on GTK+ 2.  If you want to build it against GTK+ 3,
you can specify that as follows:

<programlisting>
environment.systemPackages = [ (pkgs.emacs.override { gtk = pkgs.gtk3; }) ];
</programlisting>

The function <varname>override</varname> performs the call to the Nix
function that produces Emacs, with the original arguments amended by
the set of arguments specified by you.  So here the function argument
<varname>gtk</varname> gets the value <literal>pkgs.gtk3</literal>,
causing Emacs to depend on GTK+ 3.  (The parentheses are necessary
because in Nix, function application binds more weakly than list
construction, so without them,
<literal>environment.systemPackages</literal> would be a list with two
elements.)</para>

<para>Even greater customisation is possible using the function
<varname>overrideAttrs</varname>.  While the
<varname>override</varname> mechanism above overrides the arguments of
a package function, <varname>overrideAttrs</varname> allows
changing the <emphasis>attributes</emphasis> passed to <literal>mkDerivation</literal>.
This permits changing any aspect of the package, such as the source code.
For instance, if you want to override the source code of Emacs, you
can say:

<programlisting>
environment.systemPackages = [
  (pkgs.emacs.overrideAttrs (oldAttrs: {
    name = "emacs-25.0-pre";
    src = /path/to/my/emacs/tree;
  }))
];
</programlisting>

Here, <varname>overrideAttrs</varname> takes the Nix derivation
specified by <varname>pkgs.emacs</varname> and produces a new
derivation in which the original’s <literal>name</literal> and
<literal>src</literal> attribute have been replaced by the given
values by re-calling <literal>stdenv.mkDerivation</literal>.
The original attributes are accessible via the function argument,
which is conventionally named <varname>oldAttrs</varname>.</para>

<para>The overrides shown above are not global.  They do not affect
the original package; other packages in Nixpkgs continue to depend on
the original rather than the customised package.  This means that if
another package in your system depends on the original package, you
end up with two instances of the package.  If you want to have
everything depend on your customised instance, you can apply a
<emphasis>global</emphasis> override as follows:

<screen>
nixpkgs.config.packageOverrides = pkgs:
  { emacs = pkgs.emacs.override { gtk = pkgs.gtk3; };
  };
</screen>

The effect of this definition is essentially equivalent to modifying
the <literal>emacs</literal> attribute in the Nixpkgs source tree.
Any package in Nixpkgs that depends on <literal>emacs</literal> will
be passed your customised instance.  (However, the value
<literal>pkgs.emacs</literal> in
<varname>nixpkgs.config.packageOverrides</varname> refers to the
original rather than overridden instance, to prevent an infinite
recursion.)</para>

</section>